Mwalimu Makoba

Utungaji ni namna au jinsi ya kupangilia visa na matukio katika maandishi kwa lengo la kuburudisha, kuelimisha na kuakisi hali ya maisha ya jamii inayohusika. Hadithi fupi Hadithi fupi ni masimulizi ya kubuni yanayosawiri tukio, tabia, mgogoro au kipengele cha maisha. Hadithi fupi huwa na tukio moja au mawili na hutumia mawanda finyu. Hadithi fupi huwa na wahusika wachache na huandikwa kwa muda mfupi. Baadhi ya fani zilizochangia kuibuka kwa hadithi fupi ni: ngano, hekaya, visasili, michapo na tendi. Katika kutunga hadithi fupi, sharti upendekeze visa vya kutungia. Mfano wa visa hivyo ni kisa cha jogoo kuwa na kishungi au kisa cha twiga kuwa na shingo ndefu. Mfano wa hadithi fupi PURUKUSHANI USIKU WA MANANE Ilikuwa usiku wa siku ya Jumatano, Mowasha alijilaza katika kitanda chake cha teremka tukaze kwa furaha kuu. Ajabu ni kwamba hakukumbuka hata kuvua viatu, alilala navyo! Kilichompa furaha Mowasha hakikuwa kitu kingine bali fedha aliyoipata baada ya kuuza pamba yake, pamba aliyohang

Cultural values are set of expectations of how people are supposed to live in a certain society to preserve society existence. Cultural values are the shared beliefs, principles, and standards that guide the behavior and practices of a group of people. They reflect what is considered important, acceptable, and meaningful in a particular culture. Importance of promoting and preserving cultural values 1.  They constitute people identity Losing one’s cultural values is the same as losing one’s own identity which is unhealthy to the society. 2.  They are the foundation of the society Cultural values promote unity, a society that disregards its cultural values is most likely to lose its unity and cohesion and fail to function as a social unity. 3.  They are the basis of what is right and wrong A society which promote its cultural values may get criteria to determine what is right and wrong or good and bad. 4.  They minimize or eliminate segregation Principles such as equality, justice, and